12/04/2021Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113BPrepared by:Professor Samantha ThomasSchool of Health and SocialDevelopmentFaculty of HealthDeakin Universitysamantha.thomas@deakin.edu.auInterview design, samplingand recruitment.1Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113BThe data collection cycle (Hennink et al.,2021: 5)2Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B1. Designing the research instrument2. Sampling and Recruiting participants3. Collecting the data4. Making inductive inferences Hennink et al. 2021: 4The data collection cycle is comprised offour parts312/04/2021Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113BConcept One:Interview design4Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B1. List of questions used by the interviewer to guide the interview.2. Questions are open‐ended – remember the people we interview are not‘respondents’ they are ‘participants’ – part of the co‐creation of the data.3. Give enough flexibility for participants to co‐create the data.4. Should help you to explore your aims and objectives – which means yourtheoretical assumptions.5. Interview guide changes as new concepts emerge from the interviews.Interview guide design (Hennink et al.,2021: 118‐121)5Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B1. Questions should follow a logical order – participants should not get confusedor find the interview repetitive.2. Try to avoid scientific language – use lay language in developing questions.3. Questions should be open – avoid yes/no responses.Interview guide design (Hennink et al.,2021: 118‐121)612/04/2021Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B1. Introduction:• Brief overview of the research• Confirm informed consent.• Remind participants that you are interested in what they have to say – co‐creating the data.• Able to take a break at any time.• Any questions before you start.Structure of the interview guide7Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B2. Opening or ‘warm up’ questions – building rapport• Often sociodemographic questions• Some prefer to leave these until the end – benefits for including at the start.• General open text questions – aim to continue to build rapport with theparticipants.• Do not have your most difficult questions here – basic perception orexperience questions.Structure of the interview guide8Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B3. Thematic questions• These questions should explore the key themes of interest.• They should be guided by your theoretical concepts.• Provide data on your core concepts – what is needed to answer your researchquestions?• Ask participants to provide examples, explain.• Include prompts in the interview guide.(See Hennink et al., 2021: 120‐121 for an example of an interview guide)We will be covering practical examples of interview guides in the seminar.Structure of the interview guide912/04/2021Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B• Should be written into your interview guide• Prompt for theoretical concepts• Remind you to ask about specific concepts that you might not be able tocapture in a question(See Hennink et al., 2021: 124 for good examples of prompts/probes)Prompts10Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113BConcept Two:SamplingRead Green andThorogood (pg 75‐79)11Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B“In qualitative research the process of purposive sampling involvesdeductively defining your study population during the design cycle and theninductively refining your sample of participants during data collection.”Hennink et al., 2021: 93Purposive Sampling1212/04/2021Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113BSampling goals (Hennink et al., 2021: 97)13Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113BGreen and Thorogood (2018: 75) state that a sampling strategy involvesthinking about:• What unit is being sampled? (eg patients, smokers, policy makers?)• What population are they being sampled from? (hospitals, schools,government departments?)• Which particular cases are needed from this population?• How many will be needed?• How will they be recruited?Weigh these up before you proceed with a project.What should we think about whensampling?14Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B• Aim in quantitative studies is to produce a sample representative of thepopulation. (PROBABILITY SAMPLE) POSITIVIST• Aim in qualitative studies is to produce a sample that is most likely toprovide data which will answer our research question. (PURPOSIVESAMPLE) INTERPREVITIST(Green and Thorogood, 2018: 75)INFORMATION RICH CASES FOR IN‐DEPTH STUDY (Patton, 1990: 182)What should we think about whensampling?1512/04/2021Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113BACHIEVING DIVERSITY IS A KEY GOAL OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH SAMPLING• Convenience: Those most available and willing to participate. Most studiesgenerally start with convenience sampling.• Snowball: Asking participants to suggest or invite further cases. Useful forvery hard to reach samples.• Theoretical: Selecting samples both on an understanding of the field, theissues emerging, ongoing data analysis ‐ looking for new participants to helpyou to provide rich data about new concepts.Looking for cases that may be different – have different experiences.Types of sampling (pg 76‐77)16Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B“There are no rules for sample size in qualitative inquiry” (Patton 1990: 184)• Most qualitative studies between 20 and 50 participants.• Depends on your aims and objectives for the study – what do you needyour data to do?• How many will be credible to the users of your research?• Pragmatics – time, cost, feasibility.How many do I need in my sample?17Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B“A general statement from inductive qualitative research about sample sizeis that the data collection and analysis should continue until the point atwhich no new codes or concepts emerge…. This does not only mean thatno new stories emerge, but also that no new codes that signify newproperties of uncovered patterns emerge….. At this point, “theoreticalsaturation” is reached; all the relevant information that is needed to gaincomplete insights into a topic has been found…”van Rijnsoever FJ (2017) (I Can’t Get No) Saturation: A simulation and guidelines for sample sizes in qualitativeresearch. PLoS ONE 12(7): e0181689. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181689Theoretical saturation?1812/04/2021Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113BParameters influencing sample size(Hennink et al., 2021: 111)19Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113BConcept Three:Recruitment20Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B• The most challenging aspect of research• Where am I most likely to find individuals to invite to participate?• How do I reach these participants?• How do I engage them so that they would like to participate in mystudy?Recruitment21Namageyo‐Funa et al., 2014: 212/04/2021Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113BDifferent recruitment strategies (Hennink etal., 2021 pg 98‐99)22Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113BDifferent recruitment strategies (Hennink etal., 2021 pg 98‐99)23Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B24
