Source: Manly, Bryan F.J. Multivariate Statistical Methods: A Primer, Third Edition, CRC Press, 07/2004.Page 1 of 1Tutorial – Week 9 (DM)Question 1:a) Are distances calculated between observations, samples or variables?b) What are the key differences between the Penrose and Mahalanobis distances andmost other distance indices and also between Penrose and Mahalanobis themselves?c) To calculate a similarity index from a dissimilarity index is it possible to use S=1-D inall cases?d) When calculating distance measures for presence-absence data, explain whatadvantage the Jaccard Index may have over the Simple matching index.e) Explain the role of Mantel’s randomisation test and how the significance of the teststatistic is calculated?Question 2:Based on the following data calculate the Euclidian distances missing in the matrix belowi.e. find d12 and d34mandible.breadth mandible.height1 -0.46 -0.462 -1.41 -1.793 1.78 1.484 0.60 0.555 0.13 0.311 2 3 4 51 0.0002 0.0003 2.963 4.568 0.0004 1.464 3.085 0.0005 0.970 2.604 2.023 0.528 0.000Question 3:Import the data in ‘genefreq.txt’ into R and briefly describe the variables. Complete allfour parts of the exercise at the end of Chapter 5 of Manly using R.
