Page 1 of 14ADVANCED WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICAL GROUP REPORTAdvanced Waste Management (301017)Group ProjectDate _ 02/10/2020 Group MemberStudent IDThiri Htet19965390Ayodeji Joseph Awopetu19578675 Page 2 of 14ADVANCED WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICAL GROUP REPORTTable of Contents1. Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………………………………32. Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..33. Literature Review……………………………………………………………………………………………….44. Safety and Risk Assessment ……………………………………………………………………………..55. Explication of required terms………………………………………………………………………………56. Lab Procedures to access perimeters………………………………………………………………..66.1 Segregation of recyclable solid waste………………………………………………………………66.2 Proximate Analysis of Food waste ………………………………………………………………….97. Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….138. References……………………………………………………………………………………………………….149. Appendix…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..14List of FiguresFigure 1 Image of solid waste collected for practical…………………………………………………6Figure 2weighing process for plastic container. Figure 3Weighing scale …………7Figure 4 LD Plastics Figure 5HD Plastic Figure 6 Aluminium.8Figure 7 Weighing scale Figure 8 Sample on Weighing Scale………………………..10Figure 9 Incubator Figure 10 Furnace Tongs………………………………………………………11Figure 11 Furnace Figure 12 Sample without moisture……………………………………….11Figure 13 Desiccator……………………………………………………………………………………………….11List of tablesTable 1. Tabular results of the percentage of waste supplied for practical…………………………9Table 2. Tabular representation of calculations of proximate analysis. …………………………….14Page 3 of 14ADVANCED WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICAL GROUP REPORT1. AbstractThe research on solid waste is essential for several benefits along with the ability toapproximate resource recycling capabilities, to classify the origins of material production, toencourage development of recycling facilities, to quantify the proprieties of waste, and tocomply with Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. The focus of thisresearch paper emphasises on the segregation of solid waste and proximate analysis of foodwaste from the household of Sydney, NSW, Australia. This research reveals that glass andhigh-density plastics contributed the highest portions of waste produced in a household andthe lowest contributors were low density plastics, paper and aluminium. Glass ranked firstamongst all items, comprising 44,81% of the general solid waste, preceded by high-densityplastics at 17,5%, aluminium at 6,87%, paper at 6,39%, and low-density plastics at 3,96%.The moisture and ash content of food waste were calculated through proximate analysis andthe result were revealed that the moisture content was approximately 72.8% and the ashcontent was approximately 1.23% from the provided food waste sample. This report suggeststhat the comprehensive management of solid waste for the sustainable MSWmanagement and effective variations of strategies and innovations including waste burningfacilities, reprocessing and recycling are recommended, because of the crucial element ofwaste from paper, plastics, food wastes and glass.2. IntroductionNowadays in the world, urban solid waste management is a massively important nationwideconcern. The most issue among all the waste management concerns is that the reduction ofthe space of dumpsites in Australia because of China’s strict amendment inregulation regarding Australian transport of waste to china termed the ‘Green FenceRegulation’ (Brooks et al., 2018). Wasteful disposal of solid waste raises specific worriesregarding the impact on the atmosphere and also on human health. Growth of insects,unpleasant scents and wastes could lead to damaging consequences on the health of human,for example, contagious viral diseases. In Australia, the municipal solid waste comprisesprimarily of food products, paper and plastic container and packaging. The production ofMunicipal solid waste differs with the outlets of waste including residences, businesses,industries and organisations. The aim of the research was based on solid waste segregationin residential home near Sydney University, because records are not accessible on thequantity of waste produced daily. the necessity for reliable statistics on amount of wasteproduced in the region is also a significant factor for the performance of a solid wastemanagement design. This information enables effective management plans to be designedPage 4 of 14ADVANCED WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICAL GROUP REPORTand implemented, even as this information may also be utilized to estimate probable patternsin the volume and content of the urban households. This research was performed by twogroup members (Thiri Htet and Ayodeji Joseph Awopetu) with the relevant waste components,and to evaluate the content and intensity of solid waste production of a household. Handsegregation was done to identify waste provided within the preceding classifications suchas paper, cardboard, high-density plastic, low density plastic, glass bottles, aluminium andtin for deciding the quantity of urban solid waste. The trial technique for municipal solid wasteis conducted by spot sampling approach in this report. Solid waste was categorised in theurban waste disposal groups like those of paper, glass bottles, Aluminium and metals amongmany others. Even more research involved a proximate analysis of the volatile combustiblematter, moisture content, fixed carbon and ash which was the weight of residue aftercombustion of provided food waste. The laboratory experimentation was based on theguidelines of professor of Western Sydney University for the provided municipal solidwaste samples. This research results in statistics to classify urban solid waste and analysesexisting patterns, estimation and recommending the best way to handle the solid waste bymethods of an estimated concept for the forthcoming sequence. Both of the group membersequally contributed the segregation of recyclable solid waste and proximate analysis of foodwaste in the laboratory of Western Sydney University.3. Literature ReviewSolid waste can be described as waste generated from animal and people practises ordinarilysolid and discarded (Agamuthu, 2001). Corbitt (1999) notes that solid waste production canbe split into commercial, residential and industrial waste, based on the origins. Municipal solidwaste can be classified as reusable products, non-reusable products, bottles and packages,food wastes, agricultural residues and various types of waste from domestic, business andindustry (Demirbas, 2004). Municipal solid waste are primarily the domestic waste and alsoindustrial waste, organizational and construction waste (Tchobanoglous et al., 2003). Inaddition, urban municipal solid waste comprises journal, household waste, plastic, glass,cardboard and packaging materials. Including paperboard carton, plastic, glass or severalother materials and aluminium found in commercial municipal solid waste as. The majorcontributors of Australian municipal solid waste are plastic, food, and paper, that make uparound eighty percent of the solid waste by mass, according to a research report by(Agamuthu, 2001). In addition, over seventy percent of Australian’s overall municipal solidwaste is transported, whilst rest of it is accumulated in unregulated landfill, waterways andlakes. A successful method for the disposal of municipal solid waste should be cost-effectivePage 5 of 14ADVANCED WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICAL GROUP REPORTand reliable (Demirbas, 2004). Around fiftheen per cent of municipal solid waste could betransferred from landfills for reprocessing if the recycling system is operated by all in thesociety (Tchobanoglous et al., 2003).4. Safety and Risk AssessmentUnder regulations on toxic materials and destructive machinery, all emergency practises andprocedures must provide documents demonstrating risk evaluation and the execution ofmeasures to mitigate damage or the possibility of an incident. In implementing the preventionprocedure to risk control in the laboratories, a risk evaluation in every study activity or testmust be performed before analysis starts. A risk evaluation should be conducted out andidentified by the participant in collaboration with the instructor whenever a research procedureis to be performed. The risk evaluation should classify possible accidents and specify policiesor regulations to avoid or minimise such threats to team members’ safety. ,Risk managementconsists of evaluating the necessary measures before carrying out an analysis study, includingidentifying the primary objective of the experiment, what, how, as well as where the analysiswill be conducted assuring the extent of participants’ awareness, capabilities and experience,including discarding waste generated in this research and recognise possible risks throughprovided manual and handbooks.5. Explication of required termsDensityThe mass of a component per unit volume (kg / m3) is described as density. Solidwaste density is one of the main aspects of solid waste and is crucial for assessingthe overall mass and amount of waste to be treated. Therefore, it is critical tocalculate density to determine the amount of waste containers and wastetransportation trucks needed to gather and transfer solid waste and wasteaccumulation frequency.Physical CompositionPhysical composition implies the particular elements that shape a solid waste types and itsgeneral utilisation, generally calculated on a percent by weight. total recognition of the solidwaste composition is critical, for instance in the evaluation of the suitable storing andtransporting method, and the identification of appropriate disposal plan.Page 6 of 14ADVANCED WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICAL GROUP REPORTMoisture ContentMoisture content of the solid waste is generally represented as the weight of moistureper unit mass of the moist substance which is the water portion of products. Themoisture content of a solid waste sample could be measured based on the water levelof the materials. The process of moisture content is often utilized in solid wastetreatment. Moisture content is a crucial element in the financial sustainability of wastemanagement and incineration operations.6. Lab Procedures to access perimeters6.1 Segregation of recyclable solid wasteApparatus required1. Waste sample comprising paper, cardboard, plastics, ferrous and non-ferrous metals,aluminium and tin.2. Weighing scale3. Plastic containerFigure 1 Image of solid waste collected for practicalPage 7 of 14ADVANCED WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICAL GROUP REPORTAimsOur primary objectives towards the practical was to achieve the basic two points listedbelow:• To segregate the recyclable solid wastes into variation• To determine the most amount of each weight generatedMethodologyThree methods were adopted for this practical which are the design, the calculations, andthe clearing off waste material.DesignThe first step was classifying and separating the waste materials into different classes whichare plastic of higher density, plastic of lower density, cardboard, paper, Aluminium, tin andglass. After this has been sorted out, we tried to get the weight of the different waste groupsto be as accurate as possible considering minor environmental interactions such as air. To dothis we put the measuring scale to zero and then we weighed the plastic container providedus and this weight was taken down. We regulated the weight down to zero and then weighedthe different waste categories to get their readings in grams. This process was repeated forother waste categories as shown in the figures below.Figure 2weighing process for plastic container. Figure 3Weighing scalePage 8 of 14ADVANCED WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICAL GROUP REPORTFig.3.weighing process for plastic containerFigure 4 LD Plastics Figure 5HD Plastic Figure 6 AluminiumCalculationTo get the total weight of the waste materials, we weighed the individual classes of thewastes provided for the experiment and we summed them up. The weight of the waste wasrecorded to exclude the weight of the plastic container as it has been scaled to zero. Aftercalculating the total waste, we got 2194.68g. To get the percentage contribution of eachwaste type, we divided the particular class of waste by the total weight of all waste andmultiplied by 100.(Weight of waste type (g) ÷ Sum of total waste types) × 1004.2.1 High density plastic 383.94 /2194.68) × 100 = 17.5%4.2.2 low density plastic 86.91 /2194.68) × 100 = 3.96%4.2.3 Cardboard 298.69 /2194.68) × 100 = 13.6%4.2.4 Paper 140.21 /2194.68) × 100 = 6.39%4.2.5 Aluminium 150.83 /2194.68) × 100 = 6.87%4.2.6 Glass 983.5 /2194.68) × 100 = 44.81%4.2.7 Metal 150.60 /2194.68) × 100 = 6.86%Page 9 of 14ADVANCED WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICAL GROUP REPORTDisposing of WasteAfter the calculations have been completed, both team members disposed of all waste in asafe manner by collecting them into a safe manner using the appropriate personal protectiveequipment and also disinfecting the tables they were previously kept on. We ensure thatnone of the wastes was spilled of constituted rubbish around the laboratory. We alsochanged our gloves after disposal.Result and DiscussionThe result of the practical we conducted was tabulated in table 1 below. Waste MaterialWeight of WastePercentage of WasteHigh Density Plastic383.9417.5Low Density Plastic86.913.96Cardboard298.6913.6Paper140.216.39Aluminum150.836.87Glass983.544.81Metal150.66.862194.68100 Table 1. Tabular results of the percentage of waste supplied for practical.The table above shows the quantity of waste generated and provided for the practicals.Glass has the highest waste of all other materials provided followed by high density plastics.Low density plastics has the lowest weight of all materials provided. This result shows howdense glass is compared to other types of waste generated in the particular household. Italso shows that metallic waste is hardly generated at the household.6.2 Proximate Analysis of Food wasteProximate analysis of food waste is a process performed for the determination ofconcentration of various contents and nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, ash, moisture,and energy contents, etc. because of the heterogenous and solid nature of the wastes.Page 10 of 14ADVANCED WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICAL GROUP REPORT(Zaher et al., 2009) But among those this experiment determines just moisture and ashcontent percentage.Objectives➢ Find out the moisture content percentage.➢ Find out the ash content and percentage.Apparatus required1. Food waste sample2. Test Plate3. Spatula4. Ceramic crucible5. Weight scale.6. Incubator.7. Furnace.8. Cooling chamber.9. Sand.10. Furnace Tongs.Figure 7 Weighing scale Figure 8 Sample on Weighing ScalePage 11 of 14ADVANCED WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICAL GROUP REPORTFigure 9 Incubator Figure 10 Furnace TongsFigure 11 Furnace Figure 12 Sample without moistureFigure 13 DesiccatorPage 12 of 14ADVANCED WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICAL GROUP REPORTProcedure1. Food waste sample was given for the experiment2. The weight of the empty crucible was taken and recorded as W0 and then the weightwas reset to 0.00g3. Then, 3-5gm of the waste sample was transferred to the crucible and weighed to getW1.4. The waste sample along with the crucible was transferred to the oven and heated at105oC for 60 minutes5. After heating the samples, using the appropriate protective equipment the sample wastransferred to a cooling chamber. The sample was left to cool because as the samplewas still losing some moisture in form of vapour on the process of cooling, which wouldhave brought about some fluctuation in the resulting weight.6. The dry weight of the cooled sample was taken and noted as W2.7. The crucible was then put inside a furnace using furnace tongs and heated at 950oCfor 10 minutes.8. After 10 minutes of heating, the sample was taken out and let cool in sand.9. It was seen that some part of the sample had been burned and turned into ashes.10. The weight of the sample was taken and noted as W3.Fig.9. Procedure for Proximate analysis.Page 13 of 14ADVANCED WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICAL GROUP REPORTResults and Calculations 1.The weight of the ceramic crucibleWo= 31.08gm2.Weight of food sampleW1=2.72gm3.Weight of sample after incubation and coolingW2= 31.82gm4.Weight of sample after taken out from the furnace andcoolingW3= 31.09gm5.The moisture content=1.98gm6.Moisture content percentage=72.8%7.Volatile combustible matter=0.73gm8.Ash content=0.01gm9.Ash content percentage=2.13% From the above results it can be observed that the food waste sample had 72.8% moisturecontent and 2.13% ash was retrieved after the sample was put into the furnace at 9500C.7. ConclusionFrom the above results we can see that glass and high-density plastics form the higherproportion of wastes generated in a household as they account for about 62.31 of the totalwastes generated. On the other hand, low density plastics, paper and aluminium are thelowest contributors to wastes generated.In the second experiment, the moisture and ash content of food waste was determined andfrom the samples we were provided, the moisture content was about 72.8% and the ashcontent was about 1.23% when heated in the furnace at 950oC.Page 14 of 14ADVANCED WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICAL GROUP REPORT8. ReferencesAgamuthu, P. (2001). ‘Solid Waste: Principal and Management; with Malaysia CaseStudies’, viewed on 25/09/2020,c=y>Brooks et.al (2018), ‘The Chinese import ban and its impact on global plastic waste trade’,viewed on 26/09/2020, Corbitt, A.R. (1999). ‘Standard of Environmental Engineering (2nd Ed.)’, viewed on25/09/2020, < https://www.accessengineeringlibrary.com/content/book/9780070131606>Demirbas, A. (2004). ‘Combustion Characteristics of Different Biomass Fuels. Progress inEnergy and Combustion Science’, viewed on 25/09/2020,Tchobanoglous, G., Theisen, H. and Vigil, S. (2003). ‘Integrated Solid Waste Management:Engineering Principle and Management Issues’, viewed on 25/09/2020,html?id=-5JSAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y>ZAHER, U., BUFFIERE, P., STEYER, J. P. & CHEN, S. 2009. A Procedure to EstimateProximate Analysis of Mixed Organic Wastes. Water Environment Research, 81, 407-15.9. Appendix S/NweightgmMoisturecontent(gm)Moisturecontent(%)Vol.combustiblematter (gm)Ashcontent(gm)Ashcontent(%)1Crucible W031.082Food SampleW12.723Sample afterincubating W231.821.9872.80.730.012.324Sample fromfurnace W331.09 Table 2. Tabular representation of calculations of proximate analysis.
